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The plaintiffs in this case are the family of Cody Ebarb, a 12-year-old boy who suffered a stroke and subsequently died after receiving care from various doctors at Willis Knighton Medical Center in Shreveport-Bossier City, Louisiana. Cody suffered from several pre-existing medical problems, including a viral chronic fatigue syndrome, suspected disease of the connective tissue, and herpes virus of the eye. He had spent much time in medical treatment and was, sadly, a very sick child for much of his life.

On the morning of November 5, while on his way to the pediatrician, Cody suddenly said that he couldn’t see and fell to the floor, moaning. He was transported by EMTs to Willis-Knighton South, and they noted only that he was having seizures. It turned out that he had actually had a stroke due to a small tear in his basilar artery (which is surrounded by the spine).

Dr. Felty, an emergency room physician, performed a basic emergency exam and ran a batter of standard tests. He did not perform a full neurological exam because Cody could not communicate and was moving involuntarily. He also did not order an MRI because subspecialists, not ER physicians, normally do so. While at the hospital, Cody could not open his eyes or speak, but at some point was aware of his surroundings. Eventually, at approximately 2 pm, a pediatrician arrived, ordered Ativan (a widely used sedative and anticonvulsant) and left. Between the hours of 2 pm and 6:30 pm, several doctors examined Cody, who by then had deteriorated and was unable to move his arms or communicate. He was then transferred into the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). During his night in the ICU, Cody went into cardiac arrest and was placed on life support. While on life support, an MRI was taken that showed a very rare torn basilar artery, which resulted in a stroke.

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For those wishing to be kept abreast of the latest products to receive governmental warnings regarding the safety surrounding their use, feel free to check out SaferProducts.gov. With a list of incident reports from other consumers, this effort by the government hopefully will help enable people to make conscious decisions regarding the products they put in their homes.

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The plaintiff in this case, Suzanne Hammond, was the mother of Latousha Tillman and the grandmother of her stillborn child, Ladaizya Tillman. On March 31, 2004, Ms. Tillman arrived at the St. Francis Hospital emergency room complaining of pain, nausea, and vomiting. She was 25 years old and 23 weeks pregnant. Dr. Joiner treated her and found her heart rate, liver enzymes, and glucose to be elevated, with decreased kidney function. Ms. Tillman was then transferred to another hospital, where problems with her unborn child were discovered. The fetus was found to have no heartbeat and labor was induced 3 days later, on April 4, 2004.

After the birth, Ms. Tillman’s condition dramatically declined and she was placed on life support. She then went into a persistent vegetative state and was pronounced dead on January 24, 2005, after the medical staff was unable to resuscitate her. Ms. Hammond sued St. Francis and Dr. Joiner for a survival action and a wrongful death action with regard to her daughter, and a wrongful death lawsuit as to her stillborn granddaughter.

A survival action compensates the survivors for the damages suffered by a victim from the time of injury to the moment of his or her death. The cause of action is “inherited” – it belongs to the victim and is passed on at death. If there is even a tiny amount of evidence showing any pain of suffering by a victim before her death, damages are warranted.

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Louisiana law requires all motor vehicle liability insurance policies to extend coverage not only to the insured, but also to any other person with express or implied permission to drive the motor vehicle. Once the insured gives permission, coverage will be denied only if the driver deviates from the permissive use. Consequently, at issue in most lawsuits of this kind is whether the damages caused by the driver are covered by the policy.

A recent case involved Ellen Van, who was driving her car on McReight Street in the city of Bastrop on the same day that minor April Canada was driving a truck owned by the defendant, Steven Ferrell, her live-in boyfriend. April allegedly failed to stop at an intersection and collided with the Van’s vehicle. Ellen and her husband, claiming that the collision caused injuries to her back and body, filed suit against Steven Ferrel and his insurer, Safeway Insurance Company of Louisiana. In Ellen T. Van and Ralph E. Van v. Steven Ferrell and Safeway Ins. Co., the lower court granted Safeway’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of the affirmative defense of nonpermissive use. Safeway contended that April did not have permission to use the truck on the day in question, and, therefore, the damages caused by the accident were not covered by the policy.

On appeal, the plaintiffs challenged the lower court’s determination that there was no genuine issue of material fact in the case. Specifically, the plaintiffs contested that April’s implied permission from Ferrell to drive the truck on the day of the accident was an unresolved, material issue in the case. The Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeals, agreeing with the plaintiffs, reversed and remanded the lower court’s judgment because the deposition testimony established that an issue remained in the case as to whether April had implied permission to drive Ferrell’s truck.

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In a ruling by the Third Circuit Court of Appeal for the State of Louisiana, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) and the Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) were found jointly liable for $3.9 million to Vanna McManus and her children, the survivors of a man who drowned at Chivery Dam in Natchitoches Parish.

The deceased, Hugh McManus, was fishing with his friend Stanley Neal at the 70-year-old Chivery Dam in Mr. Neal’s boat. They pulled up close to the dam, killed the motor, and began throwing cast nets. The pair believed that the current in the nearby Saline Bayou would cause them to drift back downstream, but because of water coming over the dam and how close they were when they stopped, they were actually pulled toward the dam. The two men did not notice this until the boat bumped against the dam and began filling with water. The pair abandoned the boat without securing their life vests. Mr. Neal was able to make it to shore by walking on top of the dam, but Mr. McManus drowned. There were no warning signs posted anywhere near the dam announcing that approaching within a certain number of feet was dangerous.

A Natchitoches Parish jury found in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded them $3,880,965.95, with 25% of the fault allocated to LDWF (which owned the dam) and 75% to DOTD (which inspected and maintained the dam). The State of Louisiana appealed, claiming that the jury erred in finding that DOTD and LDWF were liable to the plaintiffs and that DOTD had a legal duty to warn of the alleged dangerous condition that caused Mr. McManus’ death. The jury also concluded that DOTD willfully or maliciously failed to warn against a dangerous condition under La. R.S. 9:2795 and that a dangerous condition existed at Chivery Dam at the time of the accident and that DOTD and/of LDWF had constructive notice of it.

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From the Courts of Equity of the England of yore to Louisiana’s Third Circuit, fairness is and has been for a long time an essential component of the law. Civil concepts of fairness still exist today, especially in Louisiana courts dedicated to making whole the victim of a crime.

Edward Signal, like many injury victims, acquired the right to sue at the time of his injury. This right is a commodity of sorts and can be bargained away in an agreement known as a release. Mr. Signal signed one of these agreements with BellSouth Telecommunications after a BellSouth employee, Jared Romero, struck Mr. Signal’s vehicle on the on-ramp of Highway 90 from Willow Street in Lafayette. Mr. Signal received a check from BellSouth for the exact amount of the damage to his car. When he cashed this check, he failed to consider an important phrase in the letter that accompanied it. BellSouth indicated that this check was intended to be a “full and final settlement of [Mr. Signal’s] claim.” There was also language on the back of the check that indicated the check was for “property damages and/or bodily injury.” After cashing the check, Mr. Signal discovered the check to not fully cover his damages and filed suit in this matter. In response, BellSouth raised the affirmative defense of res judicata claiming that Mr. Signal’s claim was already settled.

The trial court determined that Mr. Signal, a 73-year-old man with a self-assessed third grade reading level, was not quite on even footing with the more sophisticated corporate defendant. In so concluding, the trial court found that Mr. Signal’s behavior was reasonable. A reasonable man in his situation would assume that a check for the amount of damage to his car would not also be intended to cover personal damages. The State of Louisiana Court of Appeal, Third Circuit affirmed Mr. Signal’s right to sue BellSouth for damages arising out of his personal injuries.

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The health and safety of workers is a pressing concern for both employees and employers alike. When an injury occurs at a job site, many questions arise as to the care of the injured and the responsibility of the employer in regard to that care. As an employee, the question of who pays for the care that may become necessary in the immediate, as well as into the future, is of prominent concern. Also, an injured employee may ask what level of responsibility their employer is held to for the circumstances of the accident and how they can receive compensation for health and living expenses resulting from any injury. What some employees may overlook is that their employment status can often dictate the means and method by which they will be able to recover should a lawsuit become necessary.

The importance of a contract between the employer and the employee who wish to have their relationship classified as statutory cannot be overstated. The recent Louisiana Court of Appeals case out of the Parish of Beauregard, Tilley v. Boise Cascade Corp., illustrates how one’s employment status under the law can affect the outcome of a claim for compensation after injury. Tilley, an employee of the BE & K Construction Company, was contracted to work for a Boise Cascade Corp. owned paper mill. While performing work at a machine in the mill, Tilley was sprayed by a scalding liquid and suffered injury. Tilley’s contract to work had expired six days prior to the accident.

Tilley filed suit. Soon after, Boise Cascade Corp. claimed immunity under Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Act Title 23 § 1061, arguing that Tilley was a statutory employee who was only entitled to workers compensation benefits and was not entitled to file suit. Hinging their decision on the contract, the Court of Appeals held that the Boise Cascade failed to prove with any certainty that Tilley’s contract had been extended. Therefore, Tilley was not a statutory employee at the time of the accident and she was free to move forward with her suit.

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When a caller dials 911 to report an emergency, it is not uncommon for the operator to transfer the caller to the local service provider that is best suited to respond to the incident. For instance, a caller who reports an auto accident can expect to be connected with the nearest ambulance service. In the case of Willis v. Rapides Parish Communications District, the Third Circuit Court of Appeal examined the duty owed by an ambulance dispatcher when a transfer does not go through.

Johnny Willis was involved in a single-car accident on La. Hwy. 488 just outside of Oak Hill. The crash was discovered by a passer-by, Shirley Ponthieux, who called 911. The operator for the Rapides Parish Communications District (RPCD) answered her call, contacted the fire department, and then attempted to transfer her directly to Acadian Ambulance because of another incoming call. The operator did not think that taking the other call would affect the transfer, but in fact it failed and Ponthieux was cut off. Because of the phone confusion and because the fire department could not obtain a cellular signal to call Acadia Ambulance when it arrived on the scene, an ambulance did not arrive until approximately an hour later. Sadly, Mr. Willis died at the hospital. His wife, Carleen Willis, filed suit against RPCD and Acadian Ambulance. Her claim against Acadian cited its failure to “receive and respond to the emergency transmission” and that it “failed to establish and utilize a reliable communications system for the receipt of emergency transmissions.” The trial judge granted Acadian Ambulance’s motion for summary judgment, holding that it does not owe a duty to an accident victim until it actually receives a call requesting ambulance service.

On appeal, Willis argued that Acadian Ambulance owed a duty to her husband to properly advise the RPCD of how to communicate with its dispatcher. Further, she cited a letter that Acadian had previously sent to the 911 office in Rankin County, Mississippi that explained the procedures that the 911 operators were to follow. Namely, an operator should remain on the line until Acadian Ambulance answered the call in order for the transfer to be completed, and further should briefly inform the Acadian Ambulance dispatcher of the nature of the call before disconnecting. The court disagreed that the lack of a similar letter to RPCD indicated Acadian’s failure to exercise reasonable care. In fact, the court could point to “no statutory or jurisprudential principles that support the imposition of [a] duty” on Acadian Ambulance “to properly train the employees of the RPCD in the use of the RPCD equipment to communicate with Acadian Ambulance.” Imposing such a duty, in the view of the court, would be inappropriate under the duty-risk analysis favored by the Louisiana Supreme Court. As soon as the Acadian dispatcher actually received a call that an ambulance was needed, he promptly sent one; this met the duty imposed under the law. Accordingly, the court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of Acadian Ambulance from the case.

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According to the Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure, a defendant can file an “exception of prematurity” to challenge whether the plaintiff’s cause of action has “matured to

the point where it is ripe for judicial determination.” A classic (mis)application of the exception is found in the 1999 case, Steed v. St. Paul’s United Methodist Church. In that case, the church’s choir director sued the minister for sexual harassment. The minister filed a counter-claim for defamation, arguing that the choir director’s false allegations damaged his reputation in the Monroe community. Before the appellate court, the choir director asserted that the minister’s defamation claim was premature because the trial court had not yet entered a judgment declaring that her harassment allegations were false (truth being an absolute defense to defamation). However, because the choir director never filed an exception of prematurity in the trial court, she could not raise the issue on appeal. This is because, as a “dilatory” exception, it is waived if not specifically pled and a court cannot “supply an exception of prematurity on its own motion.”

A similar failure to plead the exception plagued the plaintiff in the more recent case of Moreno v. Entergy Corp.. Daniel Moreno was badly shocked while working around overhead power lines in Jefferson Parish. Moreno sued Entergy Corporation, the owner of the power lines. Entergy filed a cross-claim against Moreno’s employer, Stewart Interior Contractors, LLC. Entergy argued that, if it were found liable for Moreno’s injuries, the Act would create a right of indemnity against Stewart because the contractor violated the Overhead Power Line Safety Act (the “Act”) by working near the power lines without first contacting the owner of the lines (Entergy) and making the necessary safety arrangements. The trial court ruled against Entergy, finding that the Act “does not create an independent right of indemnity for damages incurred as a result of injuries suffered by third parties.” When Entergy appealed this judgment, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal affirmed on the grounds of prematurity, though the exception had not been raised by any party. The Fifth Circuit declared that because no fault had yet been allocated to any party, no cause of action for indemnity had been created. The court entered an “exception of no cause of action on the basis of prematurity,” a judgment which had not been seen previously in Louisiana jurisprudence. Upon review, the Louisiana Supreme Court found that the Fifth Circuit erred as a matter of law in supplying the exception to prematurity on its own motion. “Although the court of appeal claimed it was entering an exception of no cause of action, the judgment was not truly based on the legal insufficiency of the allegations [for which it was permitted to raise an exception on its own accord]. It is clear that the court based its ruling solely on the theory that Entergy’s indemnity claim was not ripe for adjudication, which is properly raised only via dilatory exception.” Accordingly, the court reversed the Fifth Circuit and remanded the case.

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Over the course of the last century, products liability law has become more detailed and specific in terms of protecting consumers from injury caused by products. If a product is found to be defective, in most cases any sellers along the chain of sale can be held liable. This means that, from the manufacturers to the retailer, all parties can be held liable if damage is caused by a product. The reason for this trend in the law is to give the benefit of the doubt to the consumer because the consumer needs protection. Further, stricter laws force manufacturers to produce better products. If they know that a defective product could potentially results in a multi-million dollar law suit, they will make sure the products they produce are safe.

This protection is especially true as it pertains to young children. Because children have less experience in life, there is a higher chance that they can make a mistake which would be unreasonable to make if it were an adult. However, even the law does not extend such benefits fully to all actions by children and teenagers. In a recent case, Payne v. Gardner, the Louisiana Supreme Court identified a point at which even a teenager could not be protected.

In 2004, in Rapides Parish, Henry Goudeau was playing around an oil well pump. The oil well pumps on oil wells move back and forth like a pendulum. As Henry was playing around the oil well pump, he noticed the movement of the pump and decided to use the pump as a pendulum type swing for recreational purposes. Afer he jumped on the pump when it reached its highest point, his leg got caught in another part of the pump which unfortunately lead Henry to be seriously injured. Henry’s mother decided to sue the manufacturer of the pump, Lufkin Industries. A serious battle arose as to whom the blame should fall upon. Should Lufkin have know that their pumps would be used as a ride? Should Henry have used better care in making a determination of whether it was safe to ride on the pump?

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