Articles Posted in Strict Liability

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When an auto accident results in an injury and is taken to court, one of the most important issues a judge must decide is causation. If a plaintiff can show that an injury was directly caused by the accident, then the judge will determine the amount of damages to be awarded. However, the determination of causation can be difficult. This is especially true when figuring out whom exactly caused the accident. For example, if a car on the interstate swerves into a lane and slams into another vehicle it may appear that the driver of that car directly caused the accident. If this were true, then the driver would be liable for any injury damages. Yet, there are several factors that must be considered. Consider, was any part of the car defective? Was there a problem with the road that caused the car to swerve? The various answers to these questions can change what actually caused the accident and the injury, thereby shifting liability to differing parties.

When making a personal injury claim, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff to prove both that the defendant caused the accident and that the injuries resulted from that accident. The plaintiff need only prove these elements by a preponderance of the evidence, meaning that it is more likely than not that the defendant caused the accident and that the injuries resulted from that accident. If causation is proved, then the judge will determine the damages that are to be awarded.

Damages awards may be found in several different areas. The most obvious is damages via costs accrued through medical treatment. Costs for medical transportation, doctor visits, prescriptions, and other hospital services are likely to be awarded as damages once causation has been proven. In addition to medical costs, a plaintiff may make claims for pain and suffering. These awards are highly discretionary, and are dependant upon the plaintiff’s ability to show that he has suffered disfigurement, impairment of ability to work, anxiety attributable to the injury, and mental distress. Pain and suffering damages cover a broad area, but to succeed on such claims it is imperative that the pain and suffering is proximately related to the accident and/or injury. A plaintiff may claim other damages such as loss of wages, loss of enjoyment of life, and loss of consortium. However, all must be a result of the accident and injury that serves as the claim’s foundation.

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Class actions are a type of action that most people have heard of but that may not be well understood. In Klier v. Elf Atochem North America, Inc. a class action was initiated against the operator of an industrial plant in Bryan, Texas. The class was divided into three subclasses for the purposes of settlement. Members of each class were granted specific remedies for their disparate injuries.

Class actions are a useful tool when a large number of people have been harmed by a single defendant but none or few of them have suffered sufficient harm to warrant filing an independent claim. Class action proceedings have res judicata power over plaintiffs who do not opt out. That means that if a plaintiff does not opt out of a class action, the verdict or settlement that results will be binding on that person and prevent them from filing that same claim in the future. If a plaintiff feels that his or her injury warrants a separate claim, that person is free to do so only after opting out of the class action.

In order to certify a class for a class action under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the first place, a court must find that the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, that there are questions of law or fact common to the class, that the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims and defenses of the class and that the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. Each of these requirements must be met in order for an action to go forward as a class action.

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Happy Holidays from the Berniard Law Firm! We will resume blog posting on Tuesday.

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Under Louisiana law, the plaintiff in a personal injury lawsuit may file his complaint with the court by fax. However, the plaintiff must, within five days of transmitting the fax, forward to the clerk of court the original, signed complaint and any fees that are due. If the plaintiff fails to forward the original document, the faxed copy will “have no force or effect.” La. R.S. 13:580. The fax option can potentially help preserve an action that is facing the expiration of its prescriptive period. However, as we will see with the recent case of Taylor v. Broomfield, the courts do not take lightly the requirement that the original complaint must be submitted to the clerk within the time frame outlined in the statute.

On September 17, 2009, Jarred Taylor was involved in a serious car accident in Jackson Parish. The other party to the collision was Brandon Goss who was driving a Mack truck owned by Broomfield, Inc. Taylor suffered various injuries including two broken ribs, multiple contusions, and lacerations to his face. Taylor’s lawyer initiated a lawsuit against Broomfield and its insurer on September 17, 2010 (exactly one year after the accident and the last day of the prescriptive period) by transmitting a faxed complaint to the Jackson Parish Court. The faxed complaint was not notarized. Although Taylor’s counsel had, according to Louisiana statute, until September 24, 2010 to send the original complaint to the court’s clerk, the original document was not filed until October 5, 2010. The original complaint filed with the clerk on October 5 included a verification notarized by one Donna Kay Tucker on September 20, 2010.

On November 12, 2010, Broomfield filed an exception of prescription requesting that Taylor’s suit be dismissed because it was filed after the one-year prescriptive period had elapsed. A hearing was held on January 13, 2011. In opposition to Broomfield’s exception, Taylor’s attorney argued that when his office faxed the complaint on September 17, 2010, his staff immediately mailed the original complaint, along with the filing fees, to the clerk of court. Several staff members from the law firm testified to this effect, but none of them could explain who the notary, Donna Kay Tucker, was or why the complaint’s verification reflected a date after the day the firm put the document in the mail. Ultimately, the trial judge denied the exception of prescription and held that the notary date was “merely harmless error” and that the complaint had been timely forwarded by Taylor’s counsel per state law. Broomfield appealed.

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Our system of law is designed to handle most situations. A great deal of situations can be dealt with under the doctrines of law. Our system also has a failsafe of to ensure basic fairness when law provides no satisfying result. Equitable doctrines fill in the gaps in law. Historically a separate system of courts would dispense equitable remedies. In most modern American jurisdictions, though, equitable relief is granted by courts of law. In the case of Klier v. Elf Atochem North America, Inc. the district court employed an equitable doctrine incorrectly. That court used a doctrine called cy pres.

The doctrine of cy pres comes the French “cy pres comme possible” which literally translated means “as close as possible.” It is an equitable doctrine that allows a court to look for the second best way in which to use undistributed funds. This doctrine was first used in the area of testamentary charitable contributions. If a person’s will left a sum of money with general charitable intent but he gift somehow failed, a court would look for something else to do with the money that would serve the same or a similar purpose. The doctrine was later adapted to the area of class actions.

In Klier v. Elf Atochem North America, Inc. a class action was filed against the owner of a factory that had allegedly caused damage through toxic emissions near Bryan, Texas. The court found that there were three classes of people harmed and divided the money accordingly. Subclass B members were presented with two options for compensation. Members of this subclass could opt to receive a one-time payment or continuous medical monitoring over time. The rate of participation in the medical monitoring program was incredibly low. This led to money being left at the end of the medical monitoring program. The parties had to return to court to figure out what to do with the leftover money.

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A recent case decided by the Court of Appeal for the Second Circuit of Louisiana demonstrates the legal principle of respondeat superior. In Cote v. City of Shreveport, the plaintiff’s house was broken into and she and her daughter were held captive at knifepoint by the intruder. The intruder had apparently become familiar with Cote’s house through his employment with the city’s water department. Based on this fact, Cote brought suit against the City of Shreveport under the theory of respondeat superior.

Respondeat superior is a common law doctrine that makes an employer liable for the actions of an employee when those actions take place within the scope of employment. The policy behind this doctrine lies in the notion that in an employment relationship, the principle or employer has the ability to control his agent or employee. This control includes which employees to hire as well as the time, space, and method in which work is conducted. Since the employer retains so much control, it only seems fair to hold it responsible when these choices result in injury.

Another policy reason for permitting respondeat superior claims is to allow claimants to pursue a responsible party that has the means to compensate the injured. While the employee him or herself may be responsible, the victim of a tort may not be able to recover suitable compensation for an injury from this individual. The employer, on the other hand, has a greater pool of resources to draw from to settle the wrong. This justification not only allows injured parties to be remunerated properly, but also places an additional financial incentive on employers to take care when hiring and implementing work practices.

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A school district can be like a parent as it takes care of students who are underage and needing supervision. That attention is greater when the student is more vulnerable. However, the school district’s duty is absolute but, instead, limited to those who are in the district’s custody, even when the incident is tragic. A sexual assault by one student against another 14-year-old student did not result in liability to the school district because the students had left the school bus and were outside of the school district’s control. ln BL v. Caddo Parish School Board (La. Ct. App. 2 Cir. 9/21/11), the court of appeal affirmed dismissal of the case by the First Judicial District Court for the Parish of Caddo.

KKG, the son of BL, had learning disabilities caused in part from his premature birth. His mother enrolled him in “special education classes” at Caddo Learning Center when he was 14. Both KKG and another student, LNG, rode on the same school bus. LNG had a record of disciplinary problems. School records noted 60 reported offenses.

On October 19, 2006, KKG and LNG were friendly. They normally got off the bus at the same stop, and that day they did. KKG went to LNG’s house to swap video games, but when they got to the house, LNG said he forgot that the games were at his aunt’s house. “On the walk to his aunt’s house, LNG threatened to hit KKG with a brick if he did not do as he was told. LNG then sexually assaulted KKG.” KKG ran to his grandmother’s house, where he reported the assault. DNA provided a positive match to LNG, who was adjudicated a delinquent in juvenile court.

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In this, our final post of the Union Carbide/Dow Taft plant chemical leak series, we will consider the fifth requirement for class certification under Louisiana law: that the class is “defined objectively in terms of ascertainable criteria, such that the court may determine the constituency of the class for purposes of the conclusiveness of any judgment that may be rendered in the case.”Chalona v. La. Citizens Property Ins. Corp. The intent of this requirement is to ensure that the class is not “amorphous, indeterminate, or vague,” such that any potential class members are challenged to determine whether they are actual members of the class. Plaintiffs initially submitted a class definition that included “[p]ersons throughout Louisiana” who were exposed to the ethyl acrylate that escaped the Taft plant and who suffered injury or loss as a result. The court desired a more precise definition, however. It reviewed the zip code maps, weather data, and expert testimony in evidence and incorporated Dr. Williams’s method in describing the symptoms suffered by people who were exposed to craft its own definition. This action on the court’s part was specifically permitted by Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Art. 592(A)(3)(c), which envisions that the court may, prior to a final decision on the merits, enlarge, restrict, or otherwise redefine the constituency of the class. The court determined that its sharpened definition would mean that members “only need to determine if they were present in the geographically defined area on July 7, 2009, and if so, whether they experienced any of the symptoms commonly associated with the offending chemicals released.” This meant, in the court’s view, that its ultimate ruling as to whether the chemical released by the Taft plant caused the Plaintiffs’ injuries and losses would resolve the claims of all class members.

The court summarized its conclusions by reiterating that the substantive issue that will control the outcome of the case is whether ethyl acrylate “in the amount released can cause the damages as alleged by plaintiffs. This issue, along with the legal issues of duty of the defendants to the class … will predominate.” Accordingly, the court held that the Plaintiffs successfully demonstrated that certifying the class would not result in the action “degenerating into a series of individual trials.”

As we observed previously in the class certification litigation related to the Chalmette Refinery leak in 2007, the court’s task in determining whether to certify a class is an extraordinarily fact-intensive one. In many cases, the certification process is just as complex and involved as the trial on the merits of the ultimate issue. In fact, the class certification in the Taft plant case has not yet been finalized. Subsequent to the issuance of Judge Cade’s Order on December 15, 2011, the Defendants filed a motion to appeal the class certification.

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Following the prior discussion of numerosity and commonality, we will now examine the court’s analysis of typicality under Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 591(A)(3). This prerequisite obligates the court to examine whether the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the entire class. The requirement is met if the claims of the class representatives arise out of the same “event, practice, or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other class members and those claims are based on the same legal theory.” See Gudo v. Admins. of Tulane Educ. Fund.

The court reviewed the three putative class members presented by Plaintiffs. Ramona Alexander lived in Hahnville on the day of the chemical release. She testified that she smelled a strong odor in her home on the morning of July 7, 2009 which caused her to become sick and vomit. The odor also caused burning in her eyes, throat irritation, and shortness of breath. Vanessa Wilson lived in Waggaman on the day of the chemical release. She awoke to an odor that caused eye irritation, nausea, coughing, and a sore throat. Wilson testified that she traveled to Avondale that morning where the odor persisted; her symptoms worsened. She also received a panicked phone call from her mother who was being ordered to evacuate her home in St. Charles Parish. Upon arriving at her mother’s house, Wilson observed her mother vomiting and suffering from burning in her eyes. Melissa Berniard, who is a licensed attorney in Louisiana, testified that she was in her home in Orleans Parish on the morning of July 7. She awoke to a foul odor that suggested to her that something may have been burning; she soon experienced eye irritation, headache, nausea, and feelings of anxiety. Berniard traveled to Jefferson Parish later in the day and spoke with others who experienced similar symptoms. The court found that Wilson, Alexander, and Berniard all offered “typical complaints of the constituency of the class” that were corroborated by Dr. Williams’s analysis of numerous class members’ intake forms which captured their symptoms. Accordingly, the court concluded that the “issue of whether or not a release of ethyl acrylate can cause the damage alleged by the class representatives is common to all class members and is adequately represented.”

The court next considered whether the proposed class representatives are adequate under the Louisiana Code by referencing a definition adopted by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal. In essence, the Fourth Circuit’s analysis of adequacy concerns whether the proposed representatives’ claims are “typical of” the claims of all class members and whether the damages asserted by the representatives are of the same type as the class as a whole. See Dupree v. Lafayette Ins. Co. The court noted that Wilson, Alexander, and Berniard all testified to being present in the defined geographical area on July 7, 2009, suffering from the type of symptoms that were common to the class, and being willing to serve as class representatives. Thus, the court held that the adequacy requirement was met with respect to the plaintiff representatives. The court also made a finding on a related matter that Plaintiffs’ counsel are “highly skilled attorneys with experience in class action litigation” and well qualified to serve as class counsel. The court expressed that it was “particularly impressed” with the attorneys’ presentation at the certification hearing, and felt that “there is no dispute as to the competency and the zealousness of class counsel.”

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In our previous post, we began a discussion of the Union Carbide/Dow Chemical Taft plant chemical leak litigation filed by the Berniard Law Firm. This post continues with a review of the court’s analysis of numerosity in certifying a class. Under this requirement, the class must be so large that joinder of all members is impracticable. La. Code Civ. P. Art. 591(A)(1). Generally, a class action is favored when there are so many plaintiffs that individual suits would unduly burden the court, and so the class action would be more judicially expedient than other available procedures. See Cotton v. Gaylord Container. There is no distinct number of plaintiffs needed to fulfill the numerosity requirement. In this case, the proposed class included all the residents of St. Charles Parish as well as certain residents of Jefferson and Orleans Parishes–clearly a large number. The court found persuasive the fact that “the size of the individual claims of class members is small enough that individual lawsuits are impracticable,” but that that “separate suits would unduly burden the courts.” In the court’s view, a class action would “be more useful and judicially expedient.” Thus, the court concluded that “numerosity exists,” but that “the class is not too numerous to manage effectively.”

The court next examined the issue of commonality, or whether there were questions of law or fact common to the class. To satisfy the commonality requirement, there must exist “as to the totality of the issues a common nucleus of operative facts.” McCastle v. Rollins Environmental Services. of La., Inc. A common question is one that, when resolved for one class member, is resolved for all members. This issue is closely related to the predominance requirement, where the common questions predominate over any individual issues not shared among the class members. The Louisiana Supreme Court has indicated that predominance “entails identifying the substantive issues that will control the outcome, assessing which issues will predominate, and then determining whether the issues are common to the class.” The goal is to “prevent[] the class from degenerating into a series of individual trials. Brooks v. Union Pacific R. Co. The same court has also held that a mass tort can only be brought as class action if it arose from one single cause or disaster; however, this requirement does not mean that the amount or extent of damages must be identical for all class members. “[V]arying degrees of damages … does not preclude class certification.” In order to meet the common cause requirement, each member of the class must be able to show individual causation based on the same set of facts and law that any other class member would use. See Bartlett v. Browning-Ferris Indus. Chem. Services, Inc.

With these considerations in mind, the court analyzed the common threads identified by the Plaintiffs as to their claims. First, all class members were physically located in the identified parishes on the date and time of the chemical release. They all suffered various (but similar) physical injuries and financial losses as a result of the release. Also, common questions of law and fact surrounded the Defendants’ negligence in failing to maintain its plant and prevent the chemical release. The court concluded that it was “satisfied … from the evidence presented that common factual issues predominate with regard to whether Defendants took reasonable steps to prevent the release of [ethyl acrylate] that occurred on July 7, 2009 and whether or not the release could cause the harm as alleged by the Plaintiffs to the members of the class.” The court’s reasoning was based in part on the testimony offered at the hearing by Dr. Patricia Williams, a toxicology expert. Dr. Williams concluded that the symptoms described by the class were consistent with the type of exposure to ethyl acrylate that resulted from the release at the Taft plant. Although the Defendants offered its own expert witness to rebut Dr. Williams’s testimony, the court nevertheless found that “a method of assessing general causation for the whole of the class exist[ed].” This permitted the court to reach the conclusion that common factual issues were present. The court thus identified a “common nucleus of operative facts” that permitted a finding that “uniform allegations of complaints of harm amongst the large number of class members that stem from one central release event” involved common legal issues among all members that superseded any individual concerns.

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