We all know that each U.S. citizen is entitled to certain rights contained within the Constitution. For example, the right to bear arms, the right to free speech, and the right to practice any form of religion. But what about rights that were not explicitly stated within the Constitution, like the right to privacy or the right to marry. Courts have long grappled with these “non-explicit rights” and whether those rights are protected under the Constitution. Recently, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals faced a question over a “non-explicit right.” Does an individual have the right to enter a public, government owned, building, and, if so, then what procedure is required to deny that right?
This controversy began when Carol Vincent became hostile during a visit to the bank. After threatening to kill a city councilman and the mayor of the City of Sulphur, Louisiana, city officials issued a no-trespass order against Mr. Vincent. The order prohibited Mr. Vincent from entering certain public official buildings, to prevent Mr. Vincent from coming into contact with whom he threatened to kill. Eventually, city officials dropped the order. A disgruntled Mr. Vincent sued, claiming that the city officials violated his constitutional rights.
The city officials asserted that they had qualified immunity. Qualified immunity protects government officials performing their duties from civil liability when their conduct does not violate a constitutional right, by prohibiting individuals from suing government officials over the performance of their duties. To disprove qualified immunity, the plaintiff must show whether a constitutional right was violated and whether the allegedly violated right was “clearly established.” McClendon v. City of Columbia, 305 F.3d 314, 322-23 (5th Cir. 2002). In determining whether a right is “clearly established,” courts look at whether a reasonable government official would be aware of the right. The plaintiff has the burden of showing that the government official is not entitled to qualified immunity. Wyatt v. Fletcher, 718 F.3d 496, 502 (5th Cir. 2013).